Validity of Waterlow Scale free essay sample

Weight ulcers are zones of restricted harm to the skin and basic tissue brought about by pressure. (Stechmiller et al. , 2008) Pressure ulcers still one of the most critical medical issue in our emergency clinics today, It influences on patients personal satisfaction understanding mental self view and to what extent they will remain in medical clinic then the expense of patient treatment . Moore (2005) gauge that it costs a fourth of a million euro’s per annum to oversee pressure ulcers in emergency clinic and network settings across Ireland . which permits one to take prompt activities and forestall the ulcer if conceivable. To help pressure ulcer chance appraisal a few normalized pressure ulcer chance evaluation scales have been presented and their application in clinical practice is suggested (Stechmiller et al. , 2008). one of the most widely recognized scales utilized in our emergency clinics is the Waterlow scale, This scale was planned by Waterlow in 1985, from concentrate in older and intense wards (waterlow,1985). The Waterlow Scale doles out accepted to incline patients towards creating pressure ulcers: fabricate/weight, moderation, skin type portability, sex/age, hunger, tissue lack of healthy sustenance, neurological deficiency, medical procedure/injury and explicit drug. We will compose a custom paper test on Legitimacy of Waterlow Scale or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The complete scores accomplished inside each factor are added to infer the Waterlow score, with higher scores accepted to check more prominent helplessness. (Waterlow, 1985) A score of more than 10 is arranged as(at chance) between 15 to 20 as (high hazard) and more than 20 as (extremely high hazard). This article joins three significant perspectives concerning the waterlow scale in regard to pressure ulcer. These viewpoints incorporates the high hazard populace ,the dependability/legitimacy and focal points and weaknesses of waterlow pressure ulcer scale.bâ which population(s) the waterlow scale is material to? Waterlow scale one of the renowned scales to evaluate the weight ulcer. the Waterlow Scale is the most broadly utilized in medicinal services settings (Thompson, 2005). what's more, generally use with patients after medical procedure and injury (orthopedic and spinal medical procedure) additionally with patients have neurological shortages (DM,CVA) ,organs disappointment and in terrible fringe course. (waterlow,1985). At the point when we utilize this instrument with old we should realize the old individuals as of now have bit of neurogenic deficiency, shortcoming and landmass. (cook et al. ,1999). The scale utilized for Patients admitted to emergency clinic or in any case restricted to a bed, seat, or wheelchair since they are in danger from creating pressure ulcers. ( Anthony et al. ,2000). Analysts have distinguished propelled age (more seasoned than age80), low diastolic circulatory strain (under 60), expanded internal heat level, and poor ebb and flow dietary admission of protein as significant indicators of Pressure ulcer chance. Different dangers that ought to be considered are fringe vascular ailment, delayed medical procedure (especially including extracorporeal oxygenation), or unmanageable agony. Allman (1995) discovered we have to utilize the weight ulcer scale for hip break patients who will remain on bed over 4 days and with oblivious patients over 5 days . Anthony et al (2000) found the older individuals over 64 years of age need pressure ulcer appraisal yet we should know the old individuals whine from neurogenic shortfalls and loss of craving. The patients who are on ventilator and complete bed rest particularly in ICU unit they hazard for skin breakdown, so they need checking and evaluation to forestall any weight ulcer. Watkinson (1996)reliability: Through the perusing to choose the dependability and legitimacy of waterlow pressure ulcer scale , the specialists proposed the waterlow scale is inconsistent as strategy for pressure ulcer appraisal. A few examinations found the difference in scores in light of the fact that diverse in information level not worthy. A hazard appraisal scale must be dependable paying little mind to the assessor. Numerous examinations have assessed the unwavering quality, where two free raters or spectators allot similar evaluations/values for a trait being estimated of the Waterlow Scale. Polit and Hungler (2001) . In (Shukla et al.,2008) study the Waterlow scale was utilized on 15 patients in two wards. Every patient was evaluated day by day by two distinct medical attendants over a time of se ven days. A sum of 28 clinical attendants were included and a sum of 210 appraisals got. Factual examination exhibited frail or a moderate level of between rater unwavering quality. Different creators proposed the water low scope excessively long and tedious. Ache and Wong (1998). Edwards (1995) analyzed the unwavering quality of the Waterlow Scale he did a cross-sectional perception review of 40 old patients with or without ulcers in a network setting. The outcomes neglected to show elevated levels of unwavering quality and in accordance with different examinations over anticipated ulcer improvement. Writing recommends that there impediment to utilizing this scale with old individuals in light of the fact that the self control, neurological deficiency and medicine influence on scale result. (Cook et al. , 1999) said the Categories where difference happened the most were (skin type), (fabricate/weight for stature) and (portability) again demonstrating that the score is influenced by an absence of satisfactory definitions in these classifications. Moreover, this investigation features that the older populace demonstrates hard to get scores at the low finish of the range. This shows a constraint of the scale that maybe the hazard edges are unreasonably high for old individuals Other Literatures analyzed the scale parts and inspected if the variety between medical attendants influence on scale result or not? At that point Literatures proposed The classes of sex, age, and minor medical procedure indicated a serious extent of agreement in scores, however the raters differed most in the classifications of versatility and skin type. Additionally hard to separate between in danger, high hazard, and exceptionally high hazard status (Shukla et al. , 2008). The examinations have demonstrated the Waterlow scale not having clear depiction and directions for scale things and the scale result reliant on assessor judgment. Ache and Wong (1998). Kelly (2005) discovered absence of dependability of the Waterlow Scale is because of various view of the patient by the medical attendants, According to Kelly (2005) discovered other issue might be because of the nonattendance of the genuine patient, Furthermore, this investigation features that medical attendants are not utilizing the scale for the reason proposed. The examinations shows the things poor nourishment, portability and skin type are hard to rate and cause to blunders in the absolute score. Moreover, the dependability of the complete score and the things has never been explored in clinical practice. What's more, clinical benefit of utilizing this instrument isn't clear and it should just be applied with alert. (Gould at al. , 2002) Validity Several Literatures inspected the legitimacy of waterlow scale. (Pancorbo-Hidalgo et al. , 2006) recommended the scale has awesome weight ulcer chance expectation limit, offers a high-affectability however a low-explicitness score. Different examinations found the scale’s high affectability and low-explicitness level incorporate Pang and Wong (1998), and (Balzer et al. , 2007). The investigations featured the scale to show high-affectability however low-particularity levels. Edwards (1996) accepts the scale performs preferred as an indicative rather over a prescient apparatus. Despite the fact that it contains a class for skin appraisal, it will definitely accomplish high affectability. Another point proposed by Edwards (1996) is its unseemliness in managing the old. This is a result of high weighting given to age inside the score. Despite the fact that the Waterlow Scale has been accounted for to be useful in an assortment of clinical claims to fame, a few examinations underlined that the scale doesn't regard all gatherings, for instance, wheelchair clients (Anthony et al. , 1998). Different investigations recommend some subscales its poor prescient legitimacy. For example, the portability, self control, neurological shortfall and drug subscales have made issues, in surveying a patient because of absence of lucidity and portrayals. (Cook et al. , 1999). Ongoing examinations checked on the three most generally utilized weight ulcer chance appraisal scales. The Waterlow scale, the Braden scale and the Norton scale. The examination shows The Waterlow scale is the most broadly utilized hazard appraisal scale in the unified lord vault and Ireland, despite the fact that there is no proof to recommend it is more compelling than the other most usually utilized scales. Honest et al ( 2003) found the waterlow scale may over foresee chance, at that point that cause cost suggestions as costly, precaution hardware is utilized when it may not be essential; or under anticipate chance with the goal that somebody surveyed as not being in danger builds up a weight ulcer.

The Relationship between Drugs and Crime

The Relationship among Drugs and Crime Medications: their utilization, abuse and associations with wrongdoing In this exposition I might want to contend that the investigation of wrongdoing and medication use is intricate. There are various differing factors that lead individuals to abuse sedates; these are a blend of social, mental and financial variables. Age and sexual orientation are noteworthy factually however lacking examination has been completed to investigate these issues completely. In this thesis we will consider how individuals get a physical and mental reliance on drugs. We will take a gander at the weight that can be put upon helpless people by broken families and friend pressure. Different components that will be investigated are whether character characteristics or innate variables assume a noteworthy job in sedate abuse and any ensuing criminal conduct. It is likewise certain that there is a relationship among's wrongdoing and medication taking however again this connection isn't obvious. It will be important to consider if there are factors that incline individuals to freak conduct and medication abuse or on the off chance that one factor prompts another, and if so in what course. We will consider at some length what is being done to ‘police’ sedate wrongdoing and presume that albeit much is being done it is a troublesome and developing territory, requiring the intercession of particular wrongdoing organizations, for example, the Serious and Organized Crime Agency (SOCA). We will finish up by looking at that as significantly more research should be done to help comprehend this mind boggling issue yet that there are various zones where valuable speculations could be made. The first is in the arrangement of progressively talented individuals to go about as medications advocates, so as to assist lower with requesting for drugs; the second is to co-work with universal bodies in shaping approach to battle the worldwide medications business and co-work globally with implementation offices; the third is for authorization organizations in this nation to act in association with one another and outside offices to help upset the flexibly of medications by expelling its provider and their cash and decreasing interest by helping drug-clients to battle their fixation. Just when every one of these measures are followed up on will any noteworthy progress be made in the ‘war on drugs’. Definitions Before we set out on our investigations, I might want to characterize how I will utilize the term tranquilizes in this thesis; I plan to characterize sedates as psychoactive medications; this is any compound that ‘alters discernments and conduct by changing cognizant awareness’. In any case, I will bar recreational medications that are acknowledged by society, especially liquor. The purpose behind this is to empower me to accomplish a firmly engaged contention inside the restrictions of the word check. There is a lot of research on liquor misuse; quite a bit of it reflects the abuse of different medications, be that as it may, there are some noteworthy contrasts, which would widen out the contention to an extreme. In this thesis we will limit ourselves to drugs that are outside of society’s endorsement. The medications we will consider in this work fall into four classifications: depressants, energizers, sedatives and drugs. The depressants incorporate liquor, barbiturates and solvents. Energizers work by expanding the transmission of nerve driving forces in the cerebrum; they incorporate cocaine, MDMA (otherwise called ‘ecstasy’), and amphetamines. The following gathering of medications, sedatives have been known since the hour of the old Sumerians; in 4000BC they named the plant that created sap from its unripe seedpods, the poppy. From this gum come the sedative medications. These discourage neural working, stifle physical sensation and reactions to incitement, which is the reason the codeine and morphine renditions of this medication are utilized as significant painkillers. Psychedelic drugs are the last gathering and contain LSD, PCP and cannabis. In this thesis, when we have thought about what drives at first to sedate use and abuse, we will take a gander at the connection among medications and wrongdoing. I have characterized above what I mean by drugs, I’d now prefer to characterize what mean by wrongdoing. Such a definition isn't anything but difficult to build up. There is noticeable contrast between the definition made by an exploration analyst and a legal counselor; one has a profoundly conceptualized definition, the other a legitimate one. In this thesis, I will utilize Glen Walters meaning of wrongdoing. In his book Drugs and Crime in Lifestyle Perspective, he characterizes it as ‘a decide breaking conduct that, whenever known to legitimate specialists, would bring about the standard breaker’s being accused of a criminal offense deserving of law’. Size of medication issue It's anything but a simple errand to precisely record what number of individuals take these types of medications all the time. A National Survey on Drug Use and Health, attempted in the United States in 2003, uncovered that an expected 3.7 million individuals had utilized heroin sooner or later in their life. It additionally uncovered that 119,000 had utilized heroin in the month prior to the study. It is maybe promising that the British Crime Survey uncovers that medication taking in this nation among 16 to 24 years olds has diminished since 1998, despite the fact that it has expanded in individuals structure 16to 59. A United Nations report, distributed in 2005, evaluated that 200million individuals, or around 5% of the world’s populace, aged15-64, have utilized medications in the most recent year. Whichever figure is right, the quantity of individuals who misuse drugs is enormous. As far as the criminal side of wrongdoing, this is an inexorably troublesome issue to manage. The illicit market for drugs is tremendous, which draws in the consideration of huge sorted out wrongdoing gatherings. All things considered, managing this difficult will be a significant piece of the work done by the new Serious and Organized Crime Agency. A significant region that should be taken a gander at is the means by which to upset the progression of medications into the nation; this will be an unpredictable endeavor. Utilizing Cocaine for instance, the medication begins in Latin America, primarily Columbia. Its at that point taken first to an optional nation, for example, Spain, Portugal or West Africa, lastly channeled into the UK through France, Belgium or the Netherlands. In spite of the fact that, Jamaica, the Caribbean Island nearest to Latin America, which additionally has a noteworthy foreigner network in England, gives a more straightforward course into this nation for drugs. Plainly, this implies the Immigration and Customs and Excise offices likewise have a significant part to play in policing this ‘industry’. The structure of the contention In part one we will take a gander at the physical, mental and natural factors that lead to habit of harsh substances. In section two I will think about whether there is a connection among compulsion and wrongdoing; we will likewise consider the ramifications of the unlawful medications showcase on policing. In part three I will examine the avoidance methodologies that exist. At long last, I will finish up by clarifying that despite the fact that it is conceivable to arrive at certain resolutions in our examination, it is hard to reach an authoritative resolution because of the measure of research material and its complex and frequently opposing nature. Section 1: The street to sedate use and abuse Presentation In this section we will consider the components that lead to medicate use and abuse. We will consider how mentalities when all is said in done concerning drug use have changed and how this has prompted a more prominent acknowledgment of taking medicine. We will likewise consider the mental components that could add to an individual initially falling prey to tranquilize use. There is proof that financial elements might be noteworthy and we will investigate this thought; we will incorporate a thought of the inexorably modern ‘marketing’ techniques utilized by the merchants of unlawful medications. At last, we will presume that despite the fact that there is a lot of data regarding the matter of why individuals start consuming medications we will see that it is hard to reach a determination from the data accessible. We can't offer ends just assumptions. Changing perspectives to drugs Individuals have been utilizing drugs for significantly longer than it has been viewed as an issue. Tammy Salah proposes that medication use has been common since old occasions (Salah, p6). Be that as it may, noteworthy significant changes have happened in the example of medication taking over the most recent four decades. During the 1950s not many individuals enjoyed any type of medication, other than liquor or cigarettes, nonetheless, this circumstance has continuously changed until we have become a medication utilizing society. Various reasons have been recommended for this change. Some have proposed that the expansion in consuming medications for therapeutic purposes modified people’s general demeanor towards ingesting medications; as they gained the observation that a pill could fix physical issues and dysfunctional behavior, they acknowledged the likelihood that a pill could be utilized to counter different issues; others pushed the possibility that in the 1960sand 70s individuals, especially Americans, were investigating new ways of life, many had an expanded measure of relaxation time and searched for new exercises to fill them, one of those approaches to fill the additional hours squander recreational utilization of medications. Streets to habit This expansion in medicate misuse prompted issues with habit as individuals procured a physical reliance on these substances. Step by step, subsequent to taking the medication for quite a while, an individual gained a resistance, so required increasingly more of it to accomplish a similar impact. They likewise arrived at a phase where discontinuance of the medication in the framework prompted disagreeable withdrawal side effects. At this stage they are said to have gained physical reliance on the medication. In any case, this isn't the main type of reliance that can emerge; it is likewise conceivable to gain a mental reliance. This can happen especially if a medication is utilized to lessen nervousness; despite the fact that no physical reliance happens, the sentiment of being without tension is addictive, which makes the medication addictive

5 Bad Health Habits That May Increase Social Anxiety

5 Bad Health Habits That May Increase Social Anxiety December 01, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Smoking makes anxiety worse in the long run. Getty / Cultura / Aliyev Alexei Sergeevic Bad health habits have the potential to increase anxiety. Just like with physical health problems, mental health issues can be aggravated by what you eat and drink, and how you treat your body. If you suffer from social anxiety disorder (SAD), there are a number of bad health habits that you should avoid. Drinking Too Much Caffeine Caffeine  is found in coffee, tea, some soft drinks, chocolate, and some over-the-counter medications. It  is a stimulant that increases alertness and heart rate. For many, caffeine improves feelings of well-being and improves mood as it increases the levels of dopamine in your brain; however, this is a temporary effect.  For some people, caffeine can increase anxiety. Research has shown that people with anxiety disorders may have increased sensitivity to caffeine.   If you cant eliminate caffeine completely, try at least cutting back to see if you notice an improvement in your anxiety. If you normally consume two cups of coffee a day, try lowering it to one and see if you notice a difference. Not Getting Enough Sleep Research shows that people with insomnia are more at risk for developing anxiety disorders. If you suffer from insomnia, meet with your doctor to discuss medication options or try using strategies on your own to improve your sleep. Sticking to a regular sleep schedule as much as possible may help, as will sleeping a set number of hours. If you normally go to bed at 10 pm but lie awake until 1 AM and then dont get up until 8 am, try to instead go to bed later, such as at 11:30 pm, and setting your alarm for 6:30 am. This gives you 7 hours of sleep, and youll probably find it easier to fall asleep at a later time. Not Getting Regular Exercise Regular intense exercise such as running can help alleviate anxiety, while being sedentary may worsen your social anxiety. During exercise, you release endorphins that give you a feeling of well-being and may reduce anxiety. Incorporate  regular exercise into your life to improve your social anxiety. Other potential benefits of regular exercise include positive changes in your body and the chance to meet and spend time with others, which may indirectly help to reduce your social anxiety. Consider joining a gym, attending exercise classes, or signing up for a local running group to expose yourself to more social situations. Eating Certain Foods Any foods that induce feelings similar to the symptoms of social anxiety (e.g., jitters, sweating, or a racing heart) may make your social anxiety worse. Although the foods that will cause these feelings are different for every person, foods high in sugar can be to blame. In addition, overeating, eating too fast, or letting yourself get too hungry can make symptoms of social anxiety worse. While not unhealthy, extremely spicy foods may also aggravate anxiety, so its best to manage your consumption of these foods if your social anxiety is not under control. Smoking Cigarettes Some people smoke cigarettes to  try to relieve tension and  anxiety. Research has shown that smoking cigarettes may be linked to an increased risk of anxiety disorders. The effect of cigarette smoking on your anxiety may be related to the indirect effects of the habit of breathing, as well as the direct effects of  nicotine  on your body. Not only will quitting smoking be better for your social anxiety, but it will also be better for your overall health. If you choose just one of these 5 bad health habits to work on quitting today, this is the one. Using Alcohol as a Crutch While it may be tempting to use alcohol to get through social situations, relying on drinking to reduce your anxiety can make the situation worse in the long term. Drinking alcohol is a safety behavior that never allows you to truly face your fears and overcome them. In addition, when you use alcohol to cope with social anxiety, you are at risk for developing a substance abuse problem. If your social anxiety is severe and alcohol is what is getting you through, talk to your doctor about prescription medication options that may reduce anxiety and you need to drink to cope. A Word From Verywell How do your health habits stack up? Take a moment to evaluate your situation and see which of your habits may be contributing to your social anxiety. If despite your efforts to incorporate more healthy habits into your life, you still find that your social anxiety is severe and causing problems, it may be helpful to consult a mental health professional. Traditional treatment such as medication or therapy could make a difference in your symptoms. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Should environmentally displaced be categorised as refugees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1514 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Refugees Essay Did you like this example? Climate change is no longer a hypothetical situation but the reality of world politics in the twenty-first century. Although extremely controversial, research suggests this predicament will deeply affect the lives of millions who will be forcibly displaced from their homes and required to seek refuge elsewhere. Since 2008, the UNHCR has stated that there has been an annual average of 21.5 million displaced people by climate-related disasters – more than those fleeing war or persecution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should environmentally displaced be categorised as refugees" essay for you Create order The current legal practices protecting refugees fleeing war or persecution have failed to incorporate environmentally displaced people leaving them helpless with little to no protection. In this essay, I will argue whether the environmentally displaced people (EDPs) should be categorised as refugees providing an argument for and against the question. It is time now to recognise the mass population shift that will continue to rise as a result of these environmental disasters and offer our help. Therefore, I will conclude that the environmentally displaced should now be categorised as refugees. EDPs should be categorised as refugees because those forcibly displaced by an extreme weather event are not covered by the 1951 Refugee Convention and therefore find themselves in a legal void. According to the 1951 Refugee Convention a refugee is recognised as someone who is â€Å"owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.† (Westra, 2009). This convention originally emerged in order to help those displaced during the Second World War focusing on specific individuals rather than large groups – the reality of what we are dealing with today. Environmental change is possibly one of the most significant generators of population displacement and therefore it is clear that the definition is outdated and incomplete maki ng it ill-equipped to deal with today’s refugee crisis. ‘Environmental refugees’ as described by Essam El-Hinnawi are â€Å"those people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitats, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption (natural or triggered by people) that jeopardises their existences†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (El-Hinnawi, 1985, pg. 4). According to the Convention, to be qualified as a refugee you are required to cross an international border, however, most displaced by climate change move within their own countries or move for short periods with the intentions of returning home as soon as possible. Therefore, the environmentally displaced are not accepted as refugees but rather internally displaced peoples and consequently not qualified to accept refugee status. This produces a large protection gap between conventional refugees and this new class of refugees. The environmentally displaced find themselves disadvantaged for re asons they cannot help and have no protection beyond the basic human rights. This lack of protection creates a sense of hopelessness, and results in the question of what can we do for these people and what are their options? The Environmental Justice Foundation urges governments to â€Å"recognise climate refugees and support a new legal agreement to guarantee their rights and their fair claim to our shared world† (EJFoundation, 2017). War is becoming less common and therefore we need to start acknowledging this new global issue and agree to categorise the environmentally displaced as refugees. Moreover, the environmentally displaced should be categorised as refugees as the extreme weather events they are experiencing are largely due to the increase in global climate change. No country is safe from the impacts of climate change; however, it is the poorest and most vulnerable communities that feel it more acutely, nonetheless contribute to only 1% of global emissions. These underdeveloped countries have seen 99% of the deaths from climate and weather-related disasters (EJFoundation, 2017). It is clear that they are at the mercy of polluting countries. Low-lying states, such as Tuvalu and others situated in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean are suffering immensely from rising sea levels which is caused by the increased use of greenhouse gases. These islands have called on the governments of Australia and The United States to put in place policies that will recognise those displaced by climate-related events as legitimate refugees. Currently, they are two of the largest contrib utors of greenhouse emission yet have shown a lack of leadership in mending their wrongdoings. Already â€Å"one-fifth of Tuvalu’s population has been forced to relocate† (Duckworth, 2017). This is just one of the many nations who is losing land every year. Although many EDPs are able to move within their territory and return following a disaster, it is becoming problematic for low-lying nations whose entire lands are disappearing. This makes relocation to other parts of the country impossible. It is suggested that in the next 20-50 years thousands will be forced from their homeland and may even cause a fight for survival by some who are unable to find refuge. Hence, it is essential to categorise the environmentally displaced as refugees to avoid such devastation. Additionally, if we delay supporting EDPs it will become economically untenable in the future. Relocation of refugees already poses immense problems, however what will happen when millions more require asylum ? These less developed countries (LDCs) lack resources to adequately address this crisis themselves and rely on richer neighbouring countries who have the wealth to properly protect them. The effects of climate change are increasing, simultaneously so are the environmentally displaced. It is, therefore, crucial to categorise them as refugees. In contrast, however, the environmentally displaced should not be categorised as refugees because doing so could prove to be more damaging than beneficial. Enabling the environmentally displaced to be categorised as refugees would require expanding the existing definition that defines what a refugee is and this may cause unfavourable consequences. Firstly, amending the 1951 Refugee Convention by widening its interpretation would require the international community to accept a revised definition. Creating ‘climate refugees’ could risk undermining existing refugees who are currently entitled to protection under international law. This may lead to reduced opportunities for all refugees to obtain recognition and protection which would be damaging as there are 25.4 million recognised refugees today, excluding those internally displaced (UNHCR, 2018). This new class of refugees may be judged as illegitimate by politicians and the public who may view them as taking advantage of refugee protection laws, thus increasing the existing negative stigma surrounding them. Secondly, some countries already regard the Convention as being too generous. Proposing to expand the definition of a refugee could result in countries wanting an increasingly narrower definition. This is because by expanding the Refugee Convention to include EDPs would increase the number of those eligible for protection under international law by the millions. An increased number of refugees implies supporting countries would need to contribute more money to the cause. Already â€Å"Industrialised nations spend astronomical amounts of money on processing and supporting asylum seekers. In total, this is estimated to be more than ten times the funds the UNHCR has to protect those†¦under its auspices.† (Birrell and Millbank, 2011). If the UNHCR decided to expand the definition of what qualifies as a refugee, it is unclear if the political appetite exists to provide the necessary fundi ng. Burden sharing is already an issue among richer countries as they believe the issue isn’t there’s. While it is true that a state has a moral responsibility not to return refugees, to their home of origin, after entering their country, it does not state that they have a responsibility to allow them to settle. Finally, the risk in categorising EDPs as refugees could potentially result in more countries completely abandoning the Convention rather than accepting such a ‘burden’. Already, only 145 countries have signed the Convention as it imposes no obligations to assist. If supporting refugees no longer reflects a countries national interest, they are entitled to opt out made possible by Article 44(2) of the Refugee Convention which states that â€Å"any contracting state can denounce or withdraw, with one year’s notice† (UNHCR, 2015). This would have negative effects as the number of refugees left with no protection would be far greater. As a result, the environmentally displaced should not be categorised as refugees as it will reduce the practicality and utility of the term and potentially create a larger issue. In conclusion, the number of displaced people by environmental change is already alarming and could potentially cause the largest refugee crisis in human history. The environmentally displaced should be categorised as refugees to eliminate the protection gap. It is also the poorest countries that are suffering at the feet of those responsible for causing climate-related issues, yet they fail to offer any protection. With climate change expected to intensify, it is necessary to bring about change otherwise, we face extraordinary repercussions in the near future. The Refugee Convention is impractical as the number of climate refugees is far greater than conventional refugees. To ensure the protection of EDPs an entirely new legal classification that is tailored specifically for the needs of the environmentally displaced is essential. This separates the environmentally displaced from conventional refugees and allows them to be recognised as refugees under new international law.

Cultural Experiences And Ideas That Can Be Represented By...

Reflecting on oneself and identifying different characteristics that make us stand out in our community plays an important role in how one views their community. Ethnography is all about the study of human behavior within a culture and that is exactly what people do when they recognize the differences between communities and cultures. After a person is able to recognize where they see themselves in society then they are able to distinguish the different cultures that surround them. When talking about ethnography, media ethnography also needs to be discussed. The definition of ethnography has already been stated and media ethnography elaborates on the definition. There is a strong correlation when thinking about the importance of†¦show more content†¦Due to self-ethnography having the main focus be on personal experience, it matters because it allows for people to reflect on their past cultural experiences. Only by focusing on one’s own background of cultural expe rience will it allow for them to understand another person’s background. Self-ethnography can affect a person’s perception of other cultures backgrounds and experiences as well as their own and because of this fact self-ethnography is important. Values play a major role in how I live my life and they are extremely important to who I am as a person. Many of the values I have come from experiences I have encountered, things I have read, or just personal intuition. Some values that I have are compassion, equality, honesty, justice, and openness. All of these values play are extremely important to me and all of them in different ways. Compassion plays a role in my life because I believe that when people are able to sympathize with others and be there for the in their time of need then they can grow as a person. I always try to show compassion to people even if I don’t agree with certain things about them. Equality is one of the most important values that I have and as I have gotten older the word has changed in meaning for me. When I was younger I never fully understood what the word equality meant, but with the growth of several different activist groups, I have come to understand that the meaning behind the word is changing. Honesty

Eugenics Designer Babies Free Essays

Eugenics: Designer Babies Okpurukre Isoken (Medical Ethics) Professor Ballantyne August 5th, 2009 Eugenics: Designer Babies Eugenics, in its broadest sense, is defined as â€Å"the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or of a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits†. The term captures a smorgasbord of vivacious imagery etched into the annals of human history – of ghostly memories about human atrocities anxiously waiting to fade away at the twilight moments of a modern age – of overcrowded prison camps, in which the depths of travail and indolent sighs of countless defenseless victims, of bodies ravaged by scars and which have become too weak to be revitalised in any shape or manner. Or of lives consigned to â€Å"medical investigative exploration for the amelioration of human condition† by what at first sight appears to be insignificant signatures of a clerk. We will write a custom essay sample on Eugenics: Designer Babies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such lives were considered only sacrifices contrived by altruist motives of a beneficent governing authority. Questions if they could have been raised at all in retrospect could only be considered at someones discretionary time, and place of course. Trying to pick through the rubbles of the world’s past mishaps and distilling their lessons for application to today’s issues is like wading and battling oneself through an ever- confusing maze mired with potholes, trenches and cul-de-sacs. Tolstoy, in his masterpiece War and Peace admonished his readers that everything in history has he mirage of appearing to have been predestined, once history has occured. I believe that as potential medical experts honest and critical intellectual inquiry is only the beginning and the least of what we can do to prevent what future generations will ruefully deem as inevitable consequences of our â€Å"brilliant concoctions†. According to Congressman Greenwood’s opening statem ents at the hearing of the COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS March 28, 2001 convened by medical researchers, bioethicists and members of congress, â€Å" For most of its 80 years, the brave New World could be seen as a disturbing work of science fiction. That is no longer the case. The possible cloning of human beings is now relegated to the world—not relegated to the world of fiction. The question we must now ask is this: what should we do with this science? † Amidst the backdrop of hefty political and legal debates over bioethics that took place in the ‘90s and early 21st century as a result of Ian Wilmot’s sheep cloning experiements, laws had been enacted that helped to curb the development of reproductive technologies. It became crystal clear that the countdown timer has now been set for he inevitable -the cloning of Homo sapiens. No one knows what would happen after that. Notwithstanding, numerous independently funded private labs across the United States and around the world wasted little time to find legal loopholes to evade the scrutiny of authorities and jumped into the hunt for the holy grail. For instance, On December 5, 1997, Chicagoan physicist and fertility expert Richard Seed announced that he planned to clone a human being before any federal laws could be enacted to ban the process. Seed’s plans were to apply the same technique used to clone Dolly. Seed’s announcement went against President Clinton’s 1997 proposal for a voluntary private moratorium against human cloning. Several arguments may be suggested to explain this fervor. There were those who argued that reproductive freedom includes human cloning, perhaps as a means to address the problem of male infertility. Others advocated cloning as a means to replicate a deceased loved one. For yet others, human cloning is justified because it may provide important advances in scientific knowledge. To be sure, science is entitled to have ethical standards set apart from all other norms of society. Perhaps a closer look at the accompanying evidence will reveal that this is not so. According to Jeff Stryker, a writer for the New York Times Magazine, dated August 4, 2009, sperm banking has now become a global and open market; consumers are no longer limited to the small donor pools at local mom-and-pop sperm banks. In particular, Cryos, a Denmark based company has recently sparked media interest. Its company strategy is aimed at becoming the McDonald’s of sperm banks around the world. Packed in dry ice or liquid nitrogen sperms are shipped express to its buyers in more than twelve countries around the world. Somehow, it is able to sidestep many legal regulations imposed by domestic and local regulations on local sperm bank enterprises. Notwithstanding, the profitability of the sperm bank business has not stemmed the tide in the development of product lines catering to the whims and tastes of different consumer segments. Virginia’s Fairfax Cryobank has stepped into the competitive scene with its †Fairfax Doctorate Donors†; since April 1999 the firm has offered, at a third more than the usual charges, sperm from medical, law, Ph. D. and other students and graduates. Cryos offers three grades of sperm, including an †extra† version that contains twice the number of highly motile sperm as its †regular† brand. An Ivy league woman’s egg could nowadays fetch upwards of $50,000. The California Cryobank, located in Los Angeles has launched a new feature to help prospective baby batter buyers pick a load. Its product lines features sperms and eggs of donors that are celebrity look-alikes. Adam Sandler, Andy Roddick, and Ben Affleck are but a few noteworthy mentions. Apparently these parents are free to choose whom they want to have as their children. The Oxford English dictionary defines the term â€Å"designer babies† as â€Å"a baby that the genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics†. According to Ritter M (2008), â€Å"news that scientists have for the first time genetically altered a human embryo is drawing fire from some watchdog groups that say it’s a step toward creating ‘designer babies’. † Yet, the ubiquity of different sperms and eggs on the market today seems to offer a more palatable alternative to genetic engineering. A different and perhaps more pressing issue centers around the ethics of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Here embryos are screened for gene faults before being transferred to a woman’s uterus. It has come under the spotlight recently in the UK, with high-profile cases such as that of the Leeds-based Hashmi family. The Hashmis have a child with a rare blood disorder, who urgently needs a bone marrow transplant. Through using PGD, the Hashmis may be able to have a child that is free from the disorder suffered by their existing child. The child yet to be born could also donate tissue to cure its sibling. The Hashmi case became the subject of months of legal wrangling in the UK courts†. (Lee, 2003) In April 2009, Panayiotis Zavos, a controversial fertility researcher attracted international media attention when he announced to the world that he had cloned 14 human embryos and transferred 11 of them into the wombs of four women, at least one of whom was British. The operation failed however. According to his own words, the motivations for cloning was â€Å"not to reproduce the Michael Jacksons and the Michael Jordans in this world, and also, we are totally against designer babies. Therefore, we are not interested in manipulating the genetic information, the genome, but rather just allowing those mothers and fathers to be, to become biological fathers and mothers of those children, and, hopefully, those children will be healthy children and we are totally committed to that†¦ We are talking about the development of a technology that can give an infertile and childless couple the right to reproduce and have a child and above all complete its life cycle. This is a human right and should not be taken away from people because someone or a group of people have doubts about its development. According to Lewis Wolpert, a professor of biology, the issue is an irrelevant one. Surprisingly enough, ethical issues with regards to designer babies are hard to see. In his own words, â€Å"What possible argument from ethics could be used against prenatal diagnosis of an embryo obtained by IVF, if the diagnosis prevents the implantation of embryos with defective genes? I know that some people object, but there is no evidence that the early embryo is a person. This idea is a relatively recent one, with religious underpinning but with neither argument nor evidence. The Magisterium of the Catholic Church demands that the embryo be respected from the first instance. But what has to be considered in every case is the child and its future wellbeing, and not to do so is totally lacking in respect. Who, for example, is being harmed in all the recent fuss about choosing an embryo with the right genes to help a sibling? Both children will certainly be very well cared for. And it is care of the child that matters. (Wolpert, 2003)†. The views of religious segment of society stand in stark contrast to the notions entertained by Wolpert. In general, they raise three primary objections. First being that cloning humans could lead to a new eugenics movement where even if cloning begins with a benign purpose, it could devolve into a scientifcally generated caste ranking of superior and inferior people. Being such, it would interferes with the natural order of creation, eliminating the sanctity of God as a creator. And what’s more, cloning could have long-term effects that are unknown and harmful. People have a right to their own identity and their own genetic makeup which should not be replicated. Cardinal William Keeler, Archbishop of Baltimore sums it up more succinctly in humanistic terms ‘‘Cloning is presented as a means for creating life, not destroying life. Yet it shows disrespect toward human life and the very act of generating it. Cloning completely divorces human reproduction from the context of a loving union between man and woman, producing children with no parents in the ordinary sense. He re, human life does not arise from an act of love, but is manufactured to predetermined specifications. A developing human being is treated as an object, not as n individual with his or her own identity and rights. ’’ A slightly different perspective as espoused by Congressman Rush, would be a perspective on how diversity relates to medical research. In his words, â€Å"As an African-American, I’m keenly aware of racist prejudices and biases. The expansion of science can never be an end unto itself. The expansion of science must be viewed in the light of the agenda of those who espouse it and the impact it has on our public, on our way of life and on our God†¦ As noted, science and the biotech field has brought us great successes. We must not take action which will mpede the legitimate and safe use of biotechnology†¦I would argue that we must act with caution to ensure that future scientific successes which will make this world healthier and more prod uctive while tightly regulating and indeed banning those practices which pose a clear threat to the health, the safety, and the moral condition of our citizens. Might we never know how society and human clones will come to perceive one another? Perhaps not. Doron Blake is a 23 year old young man who came from the Nobel Prize Sperm Bank, for which eugenic-minded California inventor Robert Graham recruited various scientific geniuses to onate sperm. When asked to talk about his experience as a sperm-bank child, Doron said, â€Å"It was a screwed-up idea, making genius people. The fact that I have a huge IQ does not make me a person who is good or happy. People come expecting me to have all these achievements under my belt, and I don’t. I have not done anything that special. I don’t think being intelligent is what makes a person. What makes a person is being raised in a loving family with loving parents who don’t pressure them. If I was born with an IQ of 100 and not 180, I could do just as much in my life. The thing I like best bout myself is not that I’m smart but that I care about people and try to make other people’s lives better. I don’t think you can breed for good people. † According to Agar (n. d) human beings are motivated equally by both therapy and enhancement. Yet according to the examples provided above, there seems to exist an ethical divide between treating or preventing disease and enhancing traits. The privacy of persons and families being weighed against life’s existence is a rhetorical discussion that has not witnessed any proper resolution, perhaps because they are viewed as ends in themselves. This point may help in some sort or fashion Reinhold Niebuhr’s view of social conflicts – The human person, in Niebuhr’s account, is self-interested in the extreme. While the individual â€Å"moral man† can check his natural selfishness through conscience, self-discipline, and love, social groups—tribes, movements, nations—look out for their own and strive to dominate other groups. Everybody’s motives are always mixed. Order in society is achieved through the threat of force, so â€Å"society is in perpetual state of war. † Such intransigence in viewpoints could be the ill that lies at the heart human atrocities. The level of anti-abortion violence, seen in the US of the last three decades, which includes arson and bombing are only symptoms of a greater ill that has been galvanizing it. There is little justifiable rationale in the paradoxical actions of engaging in bloodshed and murder if life not death is its goal. This would be the tragic consequence which C. S. Lewis talked about when he observed that ‘‘man’s conquest of nature would result in the abolition of man. ’’ COMHH References Agar N. (n. d). Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations. Retrieved on June 16th, 2009 from http://www. actionbioscience. org/biotech/agar. html Connor S. (2009). Fertility expert: ‘I can clone a human being’ Retrieved on August 4, 2009 from http://www. zavos. org/fertility-expert-i-can-clone-a-human-being-1672095. html Lee E (2003). Debating Designer Babies. Retrieved on June 15, 2009 from http://www. prochoiceforum. org. uk/ocrreliss7. php Macrae F. (2008). Couple to have Britain’s first baby genetically modified to be free of breast cancer gene. Retrieved on June 15, 2009 from http://www. dailymail. co. k/health/article-1098034/Couple-Britains-baby-genetically-modified-free-breast-cancer-gene. html Malcolm R (2008). Genetically Modified Human  Baby? Retrieved on June 14, 2009 from http://healthandsurvival. com/2008/05/12/genetically-modified-human-baby/ Subcommittee on oversight and investigations (2001, March 28). Issues raised by human cloning research. Retrieved from http://republicans. energycommerce. house. gov /107/action/107-5. pdf Thomas V (2007) Children Have Rights – Say No to Repro Tech from http://childrenhaverights-saynotoreprotech. blogspot. com/2007/02/doron-blake-genius-designer-baby. html How to cite Eugenics: Designer Babies, Papers

Of Mice And Men (term Paper On Loneliness Essay Example For Students

Of Mice And Men (term Paper On Loneliness Essay In terms of emotional stability, there is only one thing in life that is really needed and that is friends. Without friends, people would suffer from loneliness and solitude. Loneliness leads to low self-esteem and deprivation. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, the characters, Crooks, Candy, and Curlys wife all exhibit some form of loneliness. They are driven towards the curiosity of George and Lennies friendship because they do not have that support in their life. Through his novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck demonstrates that often times, a victim of isolation will have a never-ending search to fulfill a friendship. A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont matter no difference who the guy is, longs he with you. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick (Steinbeck, 13)Crooks is a black man that experiences isolation because the society in which he resides is racist. As a result, the previous quote was his means of finding a personal connection to Lennie. Lik e Lennie, Crooks has a relationship with loneliness. He knows that when people get lonely, they tend to get sick. Studies show that people who suffer from loneliness have higher incidence of health problems. This can be determined based on his emotional behavior. A 1998 study showed that 50 percent of patients with heart disease who reported feeling very isolated were not married and had no one in whole they could communicate with, died within five years. (ub-counseling.buffalo.edu) At the rate Crooks is headed, he will probably die in a short period of time. Gerontology stated seniors, who attend church at least weekly, live longer than those who dont. By attending church, the attendees maintain a relationship with god and have the ability to relieve themselves of loneliness. They can deal with their severe problem of loneliness through attending church or other social events and in turn, live longer. Crooks is rejected from every group of people and cannot socially interact with o thers. Loneliness can result from rejection (Couns.uiuc.edu/loneline.htm) Although discrimination is still present during the time period of the book (early 20th century), Crooks still attempts to make friends. Others treat Crooks unjust because he is different from others given that he is black. He does not know how to treat others because of the way others treat him; with disrespect. Furthermore, he does not know how to vent his frustration and as a result, lashes out at others because they are cruel to him. Crooks is not allowed to participate in daily events with white people. He is treated unfairly and therefore acts the same way toward the white people (the ones who offended him.)Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im Black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, you all stink to me! (Steinbeck, 75)Nobody likes to be forced to live in a barn, let alone to work only with the horses. Crooks spent most of his nights reading and he keeps away from others because of the way he is treated and this eventually leads to his very own emotional downfall. He is treated as an outcast and is forced to find friendship the only way he can, through the books that he reads. The Counseling Center of the University of Buffalo said that: When you are alone, use the time to enjoy yourself. For example, listen to music or watch a favorite television show. Do not spend the time eating endlessly or worrying about your problems. (Karlene Robinson, www.ub-counseling.buffalo.edu) Obviously Crooks is aware of his problem and tries to cope with it through books and magazines. Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George, especially how close they are. Crooks said, Well, spose, jus spose he dont come back. Whatll you do then? (Steinbeck, 79) Crooks asks these questions because he does not have any friends. He was curious about the friendship of Lennie and George. He wants the people to feel the way that he did when he was lonely, having nobody with them. He is striving to achieve sympathy and understanding from others. Crooks would work for nothing if it meant communicating with others. Crooks offers his services to clear out his problems of loneliness. If youguys would want a hand to work for nothing just his keep, why Id come an lend a hand. I aint so cippled I cant work like a son-of-a-bitch if I want to. (Steinbeck, 84) This quote supports that he is attracted to the friendship of Lennie and George. It also proves that all Crooks wants to do was talk to people, and he will do anything for it, even work like a son-of-a-bitch.Candy, an old, physically disabled swamper, has worked on the ranch practically his whole life. When Candy was on the ranch, he got into an accident that cost him a physical handicap. Farm machinery took away his hand, leaving him money and loneliness. The Counseling Center of the University of Buffalo said that loneliness means to also feel: excluded from a group or a result of a tragedy. As a result of Candys age and disability he has a feeling of uselessness. Since Candy feels that he is old, he places himself in a state of mind that handicaps him more than his missing hand ever will. He looks down on himself as an old worthless man wasting away his last few years. He is often afraid of losing his work, not to mention is whole life. I got hurt four years ago. Theyll can me purty soon. Jus as soon as I cant swamp out no bunk houses theyll put me on the county. (Steinbeck, 66)Candy is so down that he puts himself into a state of solitude. He is often allowed to go out with the other guys, but he always refuses due to his negative aspect towards himself. Candy thinks that nobody wants to be friends with him because of his disability. Eventually, he tries to find a friendship by attempting to join the dream of George and Lennie, to own and run their own little ranch. This is one of Candys desperate attempts to find a place in society and meaning in life. Candy offered his services to become a part of George and Lennies friendship and dream. .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .postImageUrl , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:hover , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:visited , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:active { border:0!important; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:active , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Annotated Bibliography EssayIll wash dishes an little chick stuff like that. But Ill be on your own place, an Ill be let to work on our own place. (Steinbeck, 66)Candy was attempting to overcome his loneliness and regain a positive outlook by seeking out situations that enable him to get involved with other ranchers. It is quite possible that he was sad and lonely because he was in search of the right person to be friends with. After Candy lost his dog, he felt much more lonely than he was before. The dog was something that Candy had owned and confided with within his years. He felt worthless because now he didnt own a single important thing. Candy and his dog had the same relationship that George and Lennie had shared for so many years. While Lennie had George and the ranchers had each other, Candy did not have anybody and this put him in a condition of sorrow and depression. Every character in the book is different and no protagonists act alike. Nobody in the book shared the same interests and/or dreams as Candy did. This is why he tried so hard to gain the attention and friendship of Lennie and George. He offers everything that he had to support the friendship including money, but money will never buy genuine friendship. Maybe if I give you money, youll let me how in the garden even after I aint no good at it. (Steinbeck, 66) All of these characters are alike because, not only were they affected by loneliness, they were always in search for ways to solve these dilemmas. Another character who possesses the same inner conflict of loneliness is Curleys wife. Curleys wife is a tease to everybody on the ranch. She will dress and act sort of like a whore. She makes use of her stunning body to gain the attention of the ranchers to sooth her loneliness. These acts give her a sense of relief and made her feel wanted so she can share her personal concerns and experiences. Because of her reputation for being a flirt, none of the farmhands wants to talk to her, but no matter how hard she tries, she can never fit in. Curleys, insecure feelings towards his wife, forces her into flirting with the other ranchers. Curleys wife also dressed rather slutty and fairly bare. One sign of loneliness is when You become overly critical of your physical appearance. (www.ub-counseling. buffalo.edu) Many people do not want to talk to her because of her reputation for being a flirt and bothering others. Maybe you better go along to you own house now. We dont want no trouble. (Steinbeck, 85)Curleys wife notices how simple-minded Lennie is and takes advantage of that situation. She knows that he would be the only one where she could discuss her problems that she deals with everyday. Loneliness is caused when you feel theres no one in your life with whom you can share your feelings and experiences. (Www.cound.uiuc.edu/loneline.htm) One problem that Curleys wife was unaware of, was Lennies curiosity and interest in soft objects. When Curleys wife was done explaining her problems to somebody that could care less about them, she asked him to stroke her hair. But when she began to yell at Lennie, he just pulled her hair tighter. This leads to the death of Curlys wife and now she will not have to worry about being lonely ever again. This could be thought of as a misfortune, but as a positive aspect as well because it ended her suffering. Curlys wifes case of loneliness was the most severe throughout the novel. She struggled in her society to find somebody that she could consult with. She tried and would do anything imaginable to dispatch her one psychological disorder, loneliness. Loneliness is an inevitable fact of life that not even the strongest can avoid. Throughout the story, Of Mice and Men, the reader discovers the many sources of solitude, primarily being discrimination and prejudice. Crooks, Candy and Curleys wife all suffer the previous injustices resulting in loneliness and isolation. They learn to cope with their loneliness through their interest in Lennie and Georges friendship. In some ways they are even envious of the bond. Often times, a victim of isolation will have a never-ending strive to fulfill a friendship.

A playbook for strategy free essay sample

The article discusses the five essential questions at the heart of any winning strategy. The author believes that answering these five questions can define and create a successful strategy of an organization, no matter what type, size or context it is. The first question asks after the winning aspiration. Most companies have a general or abstract mission, state or vision that makes no reference to competitions, customers or to winning. The author believes, that if you don’t set out to win, you rarely will. That’s why a aspiration always has to be defined very clear and detailed. The second questions is â€Å"Where will you play? †. It determines where an organization will compete, regarding to markets, customers, channels, product categories and the vertical stages of its industry. This choice is the careful consideration of a set of possibilities together. The third question, that needs to be answered is â€Å"How will you win? †. We will write a custom essay sample on A playbook for strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Together with the â€Å"Where? † aspect this question forms the very heart of strategy. It defines the method by which an organization will win and depends very much on the â€Å"playing field† of an organization. To answer this question a company has to figure out its competitive advantage and then build on it. To be successful the â€Å"how-to-win† strategy needs to be very difficult to copy and very unique. The fourth questions asks after the capabilities that must be in place. Core capabilities are a subset of capabilities that truly matter and make the difference between winning and losing. To determine this capabilities an organization has to find out at what it needs to be distinctively good in to play and win how it wants it. The author gives an example by the PG Company, that has the following capabilities: deep customer understanding, innovation, brand building, go-to-market ability and global scale. The last question is â€Å"What management systems are required? † The management systems are the systems that build, support and measure a strategy. Without these the strategy will only be a wish list. An organizations needs a robust process for creating, reviewing and communicating about strategy. It needs structure and specific measures. All these questions can be understood as a reinforcing cascade. One question builds on the context of the another question. The intent is to provide a clear and powerful framework for thinking about winning choices. With these five questions strategy can be demystified. In my opinion the article gives a good summary about what leads an organization to success. But it is way too general too use it as a â€Å"playbook for developing a strategy†. The questions are formulated very universally, which is good, because they are applicable for every organization, but even in the explaining there is no information given about finding the answers. I think it would be very helpful to give a more detailed guide for the reader. What I also don’t like, is that the almost only example is the PG Case, which is on the one hand good, because it keeps the article simple but on the other hand would it be more interesting to read more about other cases to give this article more personality. I agree to the five questions model, because every company should have a very clear defined goal that explains where it wants to go and how.

Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1

Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1 Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1 Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1 By Daniel Scocco It took us some time, but we are finally up with another test, the Spelling Test 1. Spelling mistakes represent a common problem on the Internet. Sometimes just one letter separates two words with completely different meanings. Other times we end up transposing a vowel, and the result is hardly noticeable by the eye. Regardless, you should make sure that spelling mistakes are not crippling your writing, and this test is a good opportunity to do so. Here is a teaser: 9. It didn’t turn out the way we wanted, _________. though tough through thought Do you think you can pass with 100% accuracy? Test your spelling skills now, and let us know the result! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingExpanded and ExtendedUsing "zeitgeist" Coherently

Urben design reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urben design reflection paper - Essay Example The actors in this case, are city dwellers and the stage provides room for acting scripts that make up their lives. The life in urban places usually affect people and their lives as they undertake their daily chores. People’s lives comprising of actions, relationships among city dwellers, and other activities are essential physical structures in any setting deemed to be a city Lewis Mumford’s point of view coincides with Louis Wirth’s stand that the city influences entire relationships among people living within it as well as their development activities. The author also decries the failure by city dwellers to comprehend and embrace the functional social setups of the city. Mumford expands the point of projection that people view the city from and delves into the analysis of the same a social institution instead of the traditional physical fact perspective. According to him, the city is a wholesome sense in itself, is a topographical plexus, an institutional proc ess, an economic organization, a platform for social action, and a hitherto artistic symbol of collective unity. Mumford moves away from the built environment while making analysis of a city. His viewpoint is rather broad and includes evaluation of the city as a centre of social set of connections and a theatre where people work out their definite activities by engaging in both cooperative and conflicting personalities, groups, and events to produce results that are more significant. The author appreciates the role of built environment as a natural habitat but he limits that role to a well-choreographed set stage. According to him, the built environment facilitates and in the process intensifies the performance of actors who are people in this case. The author explains that the primary character of a city is to create drama as much as all the basic structures of cities exist in other setups including suburbs as well. However, Mumford asserts the opportunity of engaging in social dis harmony and conflict only happens to those who access urban proximities and densities. In his words, a city is a special framework shaped towards the creation and development of differentiated chances for common life and an integral component of social drama. Lewis Mumford advanced the polynucleated ideology in the setup of contemporary cities. This idea proposes cities with various centres, which differs from mononucleated cities. These are cities with one centre. Mumford believes that his proposal comes with multiple benefits including the capacity to allow cities to expand constantly while the administration subdivides them into districts. This ideology would allow the expansion of emerging sprawls but with human considerations understanding aspects that are both manageable and practical. According to him, the practical factors should get the chance to determine the limiting factors including density, size, layout of the city, and area that deviate from the traditional technologi cal concerns and geographical reasons. Mumford highlights that limitations on size, area, and density are important to enhance effective social interactions bringing a better sociological understanding. Cities have the capacity to promote acceptable social values among the dwellers and increase the ability of human relationships and personalities. Mumford further defines a city as a space of societal culture and civilization. He holds this as the modern

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children Research Paper

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children - Research Paper Example Atopic eczema is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease in children. The prevalence of this disease in Western countries, in children of six years old, reaches 20% (Department of Health, 2010). ADHD is significantly associated with dermatitis. Allergic comorbidities (asthma, allergic rhinitis) are not significantly associated with ADHD (Rubin, Fein & Vandenberg, 1983). The clinical relevance of this association is small, as it does not establish a causal relationship between them and the direction of the association. From time to time, most of the people have trouble concentrating or paying attention in class. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help transmit messages between nerve cells in the brain (Department of Health, 2010). Besides in the form of tablets, methylphenidate is also available as a patch, called Daytrana, which can be placed directly on the skin to allow the drug to be absorbed. There are various disorders that prevail amongst the children and female in the current era. One such disorder is the attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder. This paper will elaborate upon the background, features, symptoms, and causes of the disorder existing amongst children. It will also discuss the relationship of ADHD to Eczema and explanation regarding the safety of the ADHD medications on children. This topic has been chosen o be studied due to the reason that the prevalence of ADHD has become widespread amongst women and children these days. The symptoms of the disorder are now commonly occurring amongst the people of young ages. Therefore, it is necessary that the topic is studied in terms of its relevance, significance, and background.

The Function Analysis System Technique Construction Essay

The Function Analysis System Technique Construction Essay I have been employed by the University of Salford as a project management consultant. The University is considering constructing a new building call Clifford Whitworth library building 2(CWLB2) This new building will be identical to the existing Clifford Whitworth Library Building (CWLB1) and will be attached to the north end of the conference centre building next to CWLB1 on an existing grassed area. The new Clifford withworth library building will be a mirror image of CWLB1 with regard to its horizontal plan and height dimensions. In this situation, the University is keen to maximise value or eliminating any unnecessary costs on any new building projects when the current economic climate is given. It also wants an environmentally sustainable building which can obtain a high BREEAM rating The picture in above show the current Clifford Whitworth Library existing building and the new proposed library building. Project brief for Task A In this Task, I have to produce a report such as value engineering analysis of the existing CWLB 1 building and identified of functional components of the building with approximate cost breakdown and 80/20 histogram, other than that, I have to analyse the 4 major components such as roof, floor and wall etc. And detail analysis in combined scoring matrix of 1 major component, with explanation and justification of criteria and alternatives. The cost plan show at the below is the cost for Clifford whitworth Library building 1 is  £ 5,417,936.52. In this project, I have use BCIS analysis 21757, 22865 and 21620 to analyze the cost of element or price per meter square for this specification material. In lieu of this I have used external quotations for a number of the elements, and Spons Architectural Price Book 2010 for the balance. The Clifford Whitworth Library building 1 project taken in BCIS which located at Greater Manchester. The cost analysis will therefore need general adjustments for inflation and location factors. Inflation can be dealt with by using a tender price . According to the BCIS for Elemental analysis number 21757 in 2002, the cost per m2 for roof is  £42.43 and the cost is  £12,134, The Tender price value show the proposed project from the BCIS is 182(1Q2002) and the current is 209(4Q2010) .The variation factors are currently 91 for Greater Manchester and 107 for the Berkshire. All these data can be obtained from BCIS. Using the above information, the cost analysis can be adjusted as follows: Updated cost analysis = cost analyisis X current tender price index/regional price tender X Greater Manchester regional index/ Berkshire regional index = 42.43 X 209/182 X 91/107 Revised Cost analysis =  £41.44 x 5381.52 m2 =  £ 223,010.19 Specification for cost plan Clifford Whitworth Library Building 1 Element Specification 1 Substructure PCC driven piles. Concrete pile caps, ground beams and 150mm slab. 2A Frame PCC columns supporting upper floor; steel/timber supporting rafters. 2B Upper floors RC upper floors on permanent formwork. 2C Roof 270m2 mono-pitched metal clad library roof; 69m2 metal clad plywood decking on timber rafters. Langley roofing to entrance (25m2). Aluminium rainwater pipes. 2D Stairs Ditto, basement to second floor 2E External walls Rendered block/block walls; larch Rainscreen cladding; double glazed aluminium curtain walling. 2F Windows and external doors Double glazed powder coated aluminium windows. Oak panelled entrance doors; aluminium louvred doors to plant room. 2G Internal walls and partitions Block and metal stud partitions. PCC walls to lift and stairs; 2No glazed timber lightwells to 1st floor. 2H Internal doors Ash veneered flush doors. 3A Wall finishes Plaster and emulsion; high level acoustic panels. 3B Floor finishes Vinyl sheet, tufted loop pile carpet and non-slip ceramic tile floorings. 3C Ceiling finishes Veneer to underside of roof panels. Plasterboard, timber and other suspended ceilings. 4 Fittings Fittings 5A Sanitary appliances White vitreous china sanitaryware; Doc M pack. 5C Disposal installations Soil and waste pipes. 5D Water installations Hot and cold water services. 5F Space heating and air treatment Gas fired low temperature hot water central heating. Air handling unit and VRV air conditioning. 5G Ventilating systems Extract ventilation to toilets and kitchen. Natural ventilation. 5H Electrical installations Electric light and power. Emergency lighting. 5J Lift and conveyor installations 10-person, 800kg; 3 stops; 0.75m/s; 5K Protective installations Lightning protection. 5L Communications installations Fire detection and alarm. CCTV, data and telephone cables; PA. 5M Special installations Rainwater harvesting; BMS. 5N Builders work in connection Builders work in connection with services. 6A Site works Excavation to reduce levels. Concrete block paviours. 6B Drainage Foul and surface water drainage. 6C External services Gas, water, electricity mains. External lighting. 7 Preliminaries 8% of remainder of Contract Sum (excluding Contingencies). 8 Contingencies 4.41% of remainder of Contract Sum (excluding Preliminaries). Histogram The Histogram for old Clifford Whitworth library building 1 show that the percentage from the element of the total cost of the building, the histogram show that the electrical installation cost the most in Clifford Withworth Library Building, they cost 9.54% of the total cost of the building, they cost  £516,787.37. External walls are ranked second in the chart, they cost 9.33% of the total cost of the building, they cost  £505,432.36. Frame is the third highest in the chart, they cost 9.29% of the total cost of the building. The Fitting and furnishings are the lowest percentage of the Clifford Withworth library building 1, they cost only 0.11% of the 100% of the building, they cost only  £6,027.30, the Disposal Installation are the second lowest in the chart, they cost only 0.20% of the building, last but not least, Gas installation are the third lowest in the chart, they cost approximately 0.21 % The 4 major components i choose is roof, external wall, framce and upper floor. Function Analysis System Technique (F.A.S.T. Diagram) in Roof Aluminium Timber Material Precast concrete Rain Protect the building Heat, sunlight Acquire medium BREEAM rating Sustainably Roof Heat insulation Cold Noise Durability Cost Life Cycle Cost According to the FAST diagram, roof most common material is Aluminium and precast concrete, Steel and timber. Most of the Roof are normally protects against the rain, other than that, the roof also can protect the sunlight or heat and wind, the rating BREEAM for Sustainably will be medium. The insulation of the Roof is they can prevent the heat, cold and the noise. F.A.S.T. Diagram in External wall Roof Support Ceiling Area Protect the building External Wall Acquire high BREEAM Building Sustainably Noise Insulation Durability Cost According to the FAST diagram, External wall use to support the Roof and ceiling, they also can protect the building area when external wall have installed. The rating BREEAM Building for the suitainably is high. They also have a advantages on the insulation, they can prevent the noise and wind F.A.S.T. Diagram in Frame Timber Reinforced concrete material Steel construction Frame Fast Good in fire resistance sustainable design easier navigation maintain According to the FAST diagram, Frame most common material is Timber, Reinforced concrete and steel, frame are very fast in construction process, they are very good in sustainable and last but not least, frame also can make the easier to navigate and the frame also can make it easier to design and maintain your site. F.A.S.T Diagram in upper floor. Timber Reinforced Concrete Material Steel Sound Insulation Upper floor Fast Construction Good in fire resistance Sustainable According to the FAST diagram, Upper floor most common material is timber, reinforced concrete and steel, Upper floor are very good insulation in Sound, the Upper floor are very fast in construction process, they are very good in fire resistance and sustainable. Combined Scoring matrix in the external wall Critiria Combined matrix A Initial Cost A2 B Maintenance Cost A4 B3 A3 C Aesthetics B2 A2 D3 B2 A3 D Insulation properties E2 B3 D2 F2 E Time for construction D2 E2 F Durability G G F E D C B A Exterior wall Alternatives Raw score ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2+2 ) ( 2+2+3 ) (0) (3+2+2+3) (2+4+3++2+3) 2 4 7 0 10 14 Analysis matrix Weight of importance (1-10) 1 3 5 1 7 10 1 Glazed curtain wall 2 3 3 4 1 1 47 2 9 15 4 7 10 3 Metal panel 2 3 3 3 1 2 56 2 9 15 3 7 20 4 Solid concrete block wall 3 2 4 2 4 3 89 3 6 20 2 28 30 According to the combined scoring matrix, we are concerned more on the cost and time instead of design in Clifford Whitworth library building 1, the combined scoring matrix show that which type of the external wall is the best choice for the new proposal building in term of the criteria matrix, In the end, the brick and block wall are the best choice for alternative to proposed the new Clifford whitworth library building with a score of 89 points. Project brief for task 2 In this report, we have to do the new proposal for the 4 components which selected in task 1 to improve the quality and cost of the building to propose the new Clifford Whitworth Library Building with explanation, structure and presentation. The 4 major components to propose the new building is roof, external wall, frame and upper floor. Roof Reinforced concrete are the best choice for the new Clifford Whitworth Library building, they are construct in the similar way as reinforced concrete floors beam and insitu cast concrete slab. Roofs are normally to support the self weight of the roof together with loading from heat, snow and rain, the roof also can prevent the wind pressure as well. The concrete roofs are normally constructed in flat roof, and library has no doubt to construct in flat roof. R.Greeno (2007) stated that The Strength for the reinforced concrete itself has compressive strength. The crushing strength of normal concrete will depend on its composition. The concrete are normally weak in tension, its strength in this respect being only one fourteenth to one eighth of its compressive strength. Wall According to the Combined scoring matrix, solid concrete block wall are the best choice to proposed the new building. A solid concrete block wall is the filled solid with concrete and lightweight concrete blocks. As different to produce a concrete wall where the wall must be created from wood and poured with concrete, then the forms have to be removed, then the concrete block wall can be constructed more fast and easier because of the material construction. The solid concrete block wall have many advantages such as the wall is very solid in sustainable, other than that, they can over a formed and poured concrete wall. When the concrete walls formed, the wooden form built from plywood have been constructed, they are always subject to misalignment, even after they have been squared and leveled, because of the flexible nature of the wood. The solid concrete block walls are good in sound insulation. which means the solid concrete block walls are suitable to construct in the library . the solid concrete block wall are good in fire resistant, which means the building not easily to get burnt. Frame Frame most common material is Timber, Reinforced concrete and steel, but steel framed are the most suitable frame structured for the new building, the designed for steel framed is the connection between the separated member treated as either non-rigid or fully rigid joints. Steel are made under factory conditions are subject to british standards. The strength of a steel frame is controlled and established during manufacture. On fire resistance, steel frame have no doubt with the fire resistance, but the still will get weaker in strength when the temperature hit 299 Celsius above. In construction process, still frame can reduced up to 50% compare to the traditional methods, in this result, steel frame can reduces cost during construction process. Steel frames can live straight, but the timber only can move and warp, twist and shrink during and after construction. This considerably reduces in progress maintenance, as there are less call backs for things like plasterboard cracking or framing popping. Steel framing can span long distances, allowing greater design flexibility. Interior walls can be placed without load-bearing considerations compared to timber framing and other framing. Upper floor Last but not least, Concrete Upper floor is my best options to propose the library because they are good in sound insulation between floor to floor, Concrete Upper floor also good in fire resistant, they can ranging for half and hour to 1 hour depend on the floor type. The concrete upper floor have a good quality, the concrete floor can be act as a thermal store which can reduce in the heating price especially the floor heating systems are used. The precast concrete floor can span longer than timber floor, the precast concrete can small span up to 4.6 m in one- way span. Referencing http://www.ehow.com/about_6522371_advantages-solid-concrete-block-wall.html

Appearance Can Be Deceiving

The outer appearance of people is the first thing that can be seen in the beginning. However, when you meet someone you shouldn’t judge him only by the way he looks like, because most of the times it can be deceiving. The beauty of some people can be only a good mask for covering their real faces, their real characters. And the first question that we always ask ourselves when we see people like that is exactly – do they posses nobility, pure soul and intelligence? In some cases, they just glitter with false beauty and seek fools who will befriend them or even fall inlove with them. They have nothing to do with the purity of beauty. Just like beautiful roses which have thorns though and the beautiful and tasty but poisonous apple which the witch give to Snow White in the famous fairy tale of the Grimm Brothers. But in other cases, we can meet nowadays on the streets people who really posses high moral virtue, combined with beauty. Just like some beautiful models that have high education and take part in a lot of charity organizations. And what about the people who haven’t got beautiful outer appearance? Are they low-inteligente or intentioned? In some cases, they are. But in most of the cases, they have beauty inside. They compensate the lag of good outer appearance with the possession of sweet character, kindness and responsivness. Just like an ugly and abominable caterpillar which reveals to us that it is beautiful in its nature, when one day it becomes a gorgeous butterfly. However, we shouldn’t forget the most important thing that the beauty of the people is immeasurable and someone can be beautiful for you but not for the others. There is a good piece in everyone no matter where it is (in the outer appearance or on the inside) and it’s only waiting to be found out by someone. In conclusion, as people say: â€Å"All that glitters is not gold† and â€Å"The eyes lie† so never trust your first impressions, but use your mind and soul to determine whether some is a good person or not.

How American Hisotry X Relates to Political Science Text Think American Government

Lisa _______________ Professor _______________ Political Science 02 Due April 3, 2013 SUMMARY American History X was written by David McKenna and directed by Tony Kaye. Starring Edward Norton as Derek Vinyard, the film was released in 1998. The main idea of the film is the social and political issues of racism. It is a story of how a family is affected by one son’s view of the history of race roles in America, his life within the neo Nazi culture, and finally, after resigning himself to such a lifestyle due to prison reformation, his attempt to pull his younger brother from the same way of violent life.Ultimately, it is a story of the cycles of hate surrounding racism. The film is shown in non-linear narrative where events are given out of chronological order. When going back in time, the audience is given black and white film whereas the present is portrayed in color. Danny Vinyard, is given an assignment to write an essay on the incarceration of the main character, his older brother, Derek. The essay was to entail what led up to the incarceration and how his family was affected. The verbal reflection of his essay is when the audience is shown the film presented in black and white.Also during the verbal reflection, we find out that Derek was incarcerated for the murder of 2 Black thieves who were trying to steal the truck left to him by his late father who was killed by, not without intent of the writer, a Black man a few years prior. With that, the storyline is set up so that we know why Derek and Danny have turned to a life of neo Nazism and why Derek was given a 3 year sentence for going overboard in killing the thieves: the brothers have been affected by the criminality of the Black culture.The essay assigned to Danny, which was due the following day, was an assignment given by Danny’s Black principal after his Jewish teacher reported a questionable essay to him entitled My Mein Kampft. In the 24 hours in which the essay is being written, and narrated to the viewers, we learn the entire story of the brothers’ journeys from average kids, through neo Nazism and back, only to learn their lesson too late when Danny is fatally struck down by a former Black recipient of his race hatred, essay still in hand.American History X correlates to the discussions of the class as well as various points of the class textbook, Think American Government. The film backs up two class discussions thus far in the semester: Khalil Muhammad’s theory on Black criminality in America in addition to Bryan Stevenson’s ideas on the stigma of mass incarceration attached to the Black culture in America.The film also touches on political issues from the text, such as: immigration, the first amendment to The United States Constitution, and Hate-Crimes Legislation. Khalil Muhammad: The timeline of the film literally goes back 24 hours; flashes back 3 years; and historically traces back to both 1863 and 1865 when, respectively, the Ema ncipation Proclamation was signed (proclaiming slaves in Confederate territory to be free forever) and when the first Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was organized.Some may even argue that the story goes back to the beginning of slavery in the United States colonies because those were the first racist acts of early America and upon which America was formed. Khalil Muhammad, a current day Black historian, might argue that the plot of this film traces back to the moment when, in 1865, following the Civil War, European immigrants were given opportunities by the government to stray from their acts of criminality but recently freed Black people were not.Instead, as Muhammad asserts in a Bill Moyers interview, as well as his book, Condemnation of Blackness, Black people were sent to ghetto housing to sort their criminality out on their own, whereas White European immigrants were given social welfare and job opportunities because they were, as Muhammad states, thought of as â€Å"children of Americans who need our help†, but Blacks were thought of as â€Å"naturally morally inferior and had propensity to harm people or steal†.American History X mimics this way of American ideology when Derek preaches, â€Å"We're so hung up on this notion that we have some obligation to help the struggling Black man, you know. Cut him some slack until he can overcome these historical injustices. It's crap. I mean, Christ, Lincoln freed the slaves, like, what- 130 years ago? How long does it take to get your act together? † If Derek had read Damnation of Blackness, he would understand Muhammad’s theory that it has been 130 years (from the end of Civil War to the making of the film) of a race in America that has ontinued to be downtrodden and imprisoned through actions such as Black Codes, Stop and Frisk policy, and the â€Å"invention of the criminal justice system as a repressive tool to keep black people in their place†. That is a hard battle to win. Derek migh t also understand how he fits into Muhammad’s theory that the European race has ideologies of an institutionalized Black race when Derek complains, â€Å"One in every three Black males is in some phase of the correctional system. Is that a coincidence or do these people have, you know, like a racial commitment to crime? † Bryan Stevenson:Not only does such a statement back up Muhammad’s theory about American ideologies, but it also touches on Bryan Stevenson’s argument. In Stevenson’s interview conducted by Bill Moyer, Stevenson states that in order to change the notion that the Black man is a criminal, we must understand the history from where it stems, and we must care about human rights and dignity while we remember that all of our survival â€Å"is tied to the survival of everyone. That our visions of technology, design, entertainment and creativity have to be married with the visions of humanity, compassion and justice†.Derek’s r ant about Black males in the correctional system oozes with Stevenson’s idea that the power of criminality identity among Black culture ultimately came from how American government and Europeans have stigmatized the Black race. In the scene where Derek finds himself in his prison cell begging African American Principal Sweeney to help him, it is not until Sweeney replies, â€Å"Has anything you’ve done made your life better? † that Derek sees the light and begins to make a change toward a life outside neo Nazism. This is a perfect example of the power of identity which is Stevenson’s underlying idea to his theory.Immigration: The writers of American History X touch on the illegal immigration topic as does the text, Think American Government, in chapter 1. The textbook says that, â€Å"critics (of illegal immigrants) charge that undocumented workers drive down wage rates for American citizens† (15). In the film there is a scene in which Derek gives a lecture to his neo Nazi peers on the subject of illegal immigrants to pump them up to terrorize a neighborhood store that has been taken over by a Korean owner who replaced the American workers with 0 illegal immigrants: â€Å"It’s about the hardworking Americans falling through the cracks and getting the shaft because their government cares more about the constitutional rights of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  illegal immigrants. However, the textbook lends a contrasting thought stating â€Å"advocates contend that the United States benefits from†¦ illegal immigration. They argue that undocumented workers take jobs that citizens do not want and that they pay more taxes than they receive in government services† (15). It is also worth noting the difference in illegal immigrant statistics from when the film was released in 1998 until now.According to the U. S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) â€Å"2,830,000 illegal immigrants resided in California in 2011 compared to 2. 5 million in 2000. † In the same scene, Derek states, â€Å"There’s over 2 million illegal immigrants bedding down in (California) tonight†¦ $400 million just to lock up a bunch of illegal immigrant criminals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In an article by BakersfieldNow. com on May 25, 2011, it was estimated, using data from California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation from 2010, that California now spends $1 billion on illegal immigrant prisoners compared to the time the movie was released. irst amendment & Hate-Crimes Legislation: Another point worth noting, from when the movie was released in 1998 until now, is hate-crime laws. Within the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution added in 1791, Amendment 1 states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of speech†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (363). Although the first amendment protects freedom of speech, it is not legal to use freedom of expression during an act of hate crime. The textbook states â€Å"in recent years, many states have adopted hate-crimes legislation, enhancing penalties for persons convicted of crimes motivated by bias† (69).Interestingly, Obama signed a bill in 2009 which was rooted by two hate-crimes of 1998, the year American History X was released, but it was before the movie that the Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990 came into effect. According to USA Today, in an article published October 28, 2009 and entitled â€Å"Obama Signs Hate-crimes Law Rooted in Crimes of 1998†, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded the existing Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990 and mandated that it is against the law to attack any person â€Å"based on sexual orientation or gender, in ddition to race, color, religion or national origin†. Matthew Shepard was a gay teenager beat by two Wyoming men in October of 1998, after which he was tied to a fence where he died. In June of the same year, James B yrd Jr. , an African American man, was chained to a truck by three white men in Texas and dragged to his death. Notably, as the text explains increased penalties are given for those charged with hate-crimes, Derek only received 3 years for his hate-crime in the film.In conclusion, I would recommend the film to anyone interested in wanting to broaden their horizons on the race wars in America. I thought it was prudent that Derek verbally gave the stereotypical views of hate mongers in America, but it would be interesting to see how Khalil Muhammad and Bryan Stevenson might add their theories to the dialogs of the Jewish teacher or the Black principal to show America a way of thinking that I believe is not in the public eye as much as it should be. Perhaps a film should come our way from those two aforementioned?